The best-known rat species are the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats. The Bush Tucker Diet - A Nutritional Analysis. This page is. Get information, facts, and pictures about Indonesia at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Indonesia easy with credible articles from. You gotta be kidding. I'll exterminate this field rat in no time!” —Crunch Bandicoot, Crash. Sri Lanka plant names in Sinhala, tamil, botany, ethnobotany, etymology, computer science sinhala glossary links to place names, old and new maps, philological.
Wombat - Wikipedia. Wombats are short- legged, muscular quadrupedalmarsupials that are native to Australia. They are about 1 m (4. There are three extant species and they are all members of the family.
Vombatidae. They are adaptable and habitat tolerant, and are found in forested, mountainous, and heathland areas of south- eastern Australia, including Tasmania, as well as an isolated patch of about 3. Epping Forest National Park. Wombats are estimated to have diverged from other Australian marsupials relatively early, as long as 4. One distinctive adaptation of wombats is their backwards pouch. The advantage of a backwards- facing pouch is that when digging, the wombat does not gather soil in its pouch over its young. Although mainly crepuscular and nocturnal, wombats also venture out to feed on cool or overcast days.
They are not commonly seen, but leave ample evidence of their passage, treating fences as minor inconveniences to be gone through or under, and leaving distinctive cubic faeces. Wombats are herbivores; their diets consist mostly of grasses, sedges, herbs, bark, and roots. Their incisor teeth somewhat resemble those of the placental rodents (rats, mice, etc.), being adapted for gnawing tough vegetation.
Like many other herbivorous mammals, they have a large diastema between their incisors and the cheek teeth, which are relatively simple. The dental formula of wombats is 1. All three known extant species average around a metre in length and weigh between 2. Female wombats give birth to a single young in the spring, after a gestation period, which like all marsupials can vary, in the case of the wombat: 2. Wombats are weaned after 1. The common wombat occupies a range of up to 2.
Extinct predators were likely to have included Thylacoleo and possibly the thylacine. Their primary defence is their toughened rear hide, with most of the posterior made of cartilage. This, combined with its lack of a meaningful tail, makes it difficult for any predator that follows the wombat into its tunnel to bite and injure its target. When attacked, wombats dive into a nearby tunnel, using their rumps to block a pursuing attacker. They are protected under Australian law.
The mainland stories tell of the wombat as originating from a person named Warreen whose head had been flattened by a stone and tail amputated as punishment for selfishness. In contrast, Tasmanian aboriginal story first recorded in 1. Moihernee had asked hunters to leave alone. In both cases, the wombat is regarded as having been banished to its burrowing habitat.
Price wrote: . Because of this, localities such as Badger Creek, Victoria, and Badger Corner, Tasmania, were named after the wombat. Governor John Hunter later sent the animal's corpse to Joseph Banks at the Literary and Philosophical Society. The island was named Clarke Island after William Clark.
Startled wombats can also charge humans and bowl them over. One naturalist, Harry Frauca, once received a bite 2 cm (0.
He resorted to killing it with an axe. Since 2. 00. 5, an unofficial holiday called Wombat Day has been observed on 2. October. Due to the protection of the species, wombat meat as food is no longer part of mainstream Australian cuisine, but wombat stew was once one of the few truly Australian dishes. The name of the dish is also used by popular children's book and musical. The hairy- nosed wombat has featured mainly to highlight its elevated conservation status. The species featured on an Australian 1. Australian 1. 98.
Introduction "Rat" and "mouse" are not scientific classifications. These words are common names for rodents that look alike to the casual eye. What is a Mouse? SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE Ecologicalconsequencesofhumanniche construction:Examininglong-termanthropogenic shapingofglobalspeciesdistributions.
The common wombat has appeared on a 1. Australian 1. 99. The 2. 00. 6 Australian Bush Babies stamp series features an AU$1. Rescue to Release series features a 6. Wombats are rarely seen on circulated Australian coins, an exception is a 5. The common wombat appeared on a 2.
Australia Silver Proof $1. References to the locally extinct common wombat can be found in parts of the Central Highlands of Victoria, for example the Wombat State Forest and Wombat Hill in Daylesford.
- Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions.
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Other significant places named after the Wombat includes the town of Wombat, New South Wales. Numerous less significant Australian places, including hotels, are named after the animals. Prominent sculptures of wombats include in South Australia: . While wombats are not generally kept as pets, a notable depiction of a common wombat as a pet is Fatso from the Australian television show A Country Practice.
The Brisbane television show Wombat was also named for the animals. Australian literature contains many references to the wombat. Examples are Mr. Walter Wombat from the adventures of Blinky Bill and one of the main antagonists in The Magic Pudding by Norman Lindsay. Wombats have sometimes been featured in popular culture, particularly in video games.
Willy Wombat was a game released by Hudson Soft for the Sega Saturn in 1. Crash Bandicoot was originally envisaged as a wombat. Scholars have debated when wombats entered the Santa lexicon though some say many centuries ago. Though the stories of wombats having competitions with reindeer over carrots may seem quite lighthearted on the surface, it is a very serious thing for many with a wombat by Santa's side in his sleigh delivering gifts. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.).
Bandicoot Rat Diets For Women
Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. OCLC 6. 22. 65. 49. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government. Retrieved 2 July 2.
Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 6. PLo. S Biology. 8 (7): e. ISSN 1. 54. 5- 7. PMC 2. 91. 06. 53 . PMID 2. 06. 68. 66.
Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 1. 3 August 2.
Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 1. 3 August 2. Macdonald, D., ed.
The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0- 8. 71. 96- 8. Animal Encounters. Nat. Geo Wild. 2. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Common Wombat. National Geographic.
Retrieved on 2. 6 April 2. San Diego Zoo: Wombat.
Animals. sandiegozoo. Retrieved on 2. 6 April 2. Ballarat Wildlife Park: Common Wombat. Wildlifepark. com. Retrieved on 2. 6 April 2. Humble, Gary (1 June 2. Scribbly Gum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Retrieved 1. 3 August 2. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Tasmanian Government. Retrieved 1. 3 August 2. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Australian Government. February 2. 01. 0.
Retrieved 1. 3 August 2. Sydney Morning Herald. The Secret Life of Wombats. Text Publishing Company. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 9. The Dinkum Dictionary: The Origins of Australian Words.
Text Publishing. ISBN 1- 9. Place- names of New South Wales, their origins and meanings. Lady Wild Life. Retrieved 1 September 2. In Walton, D. W. Richardson, B. J. AGPS Canberra/Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts - Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 0- 6. 44- 0.
Retrieved 3. 0 December 2. Transient Languages & Cultures. The University of Sydney. Retrieved 3. 0 December 2. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, South Australia. Accessed 3. 0 December 2. Moore- Robinson, J.
A Record of Tasmanian nomenclature, with dates and origins(PDF). The Mercury Printing Office - Hobart, Tasmania. Retrieved 3. 0 December 2. The Examiner. Retrieved 1. August 2. 01. 0. Australia's dangerous creatures. ISBN 0. 86. 43. 80. BBC News Online. Retrieved 9 April 2.
The Independent. Retrieved 7 April 2. Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 3. September 2. 01. 3. Retrieved 1. 3 August 2.
The Canberra Times. Monday 1. 9 December 1. Blue Sheet Coin Values.
Retrieved 1. 9 March 2. All Things Andy Gavin. Retrieved 1. 9 March 2. Queensland Government. October 2. 01. 5. Retrieved 1. 9 March 2.
ABC Television, Catalyst. Retrieved 8 February 2. Retrieved 2. 2 April 2. New South Wales Government. Parks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. May 2. 01. 2. Archived from the original on 2.
April 2. 01. 3. Retrieved 2. January 2. 01. 5. Further reading. Facts and photographs of wombats for children. The Wombat: Common Wombats in Australia, Barbara Triggs, University of New South Wales Press, 1. ISBN0- 8. 68. 40- 2. X. The Secret Life of Wombats, James Woodford, Text Publishing, 2. ISBN1- 8. 77. 00.
How to Attract the Wombat, Will Cuppy with illustrations by Ed Nofziger, David R. Godiine, 2. 00. 2, ISBN1- 5. Originally published 1. Rhinehart)The Secret World of Wombats, Jackie French with illustrations by Bruce Whatley, Harper Collins Publishers, 2. ISBN0- 2. 07- 2. 00. Christmas Wombat, Jackie French with illustrations by Bruce Whatley, Clarion Books, 2. ISBN9. 78- 0. 54.
Rat - Wikipedia. Rats are various medium- sized, long- tailed rodents of the superfamily. Muroidea. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.
Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size. Generally, when someone discovers a large muroid rodent, its common name includes the term rat, while if it is smaller, the name includes the term mouse. The muroid family is broad and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific. Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and Mus genera, for example, the pack rat and cotton mouse.
Species and description. A river rat, which is not a true rat but a coypu, a distantly related rodent species. The best- known rat species are the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats, and originated in Asia.
Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 5. Examples include the North Americanpack rats, a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats, and others.
Rats such as the bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) are murine rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is referred to as a mischief.
They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. Many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or Polynesian rat. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is the foot- and- mouth disease. Rodent tails, particularly in rat models, has been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the Muridae family (in contrast to the bushier tails of the Squirrel/Sciuridae family).
The tail is hairless and thin- skinned, but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient counter- current heat exchange with the environment. The high muscular and connective tissue densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful caudal vertebrae facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three dimensional environment. Lastly, murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed . However, this mechanism is associated with multiple pathologies that have been the subject of investigation.
One study demonstrated a significant disparity in heat dissipation from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and mechanical efficiency in rodents that exercise in warm environments.
In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation. On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor/modulator has also been investigated. As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent innervation that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent tendons in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of golgi tendon organs that help the animal assess stretching of muscle in situ and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher cortical areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement.
The characteristic tail of Murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as . Interestingly, however, this evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of pathologies that can manifest upon shedding part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment. The degloving response is a nocifensive response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to acute pain, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail. As pets. Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 1.
Pet rats are typically variants of the species brown rat, but black rats and giant pouched rats are also known to be kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of genetics, diseases, the effects of drugs, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the health and well- being of humankind. The aortic arches of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked anatomical homology to the human cardiovascular system.
Calhoun on behavioral sink). A 2. 00. 7 study found rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their brains, livers, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller (Barnett 2. Brown rats are often used as model organisms for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat genome sequence. When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and drug abuse, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, aggressiveness, and adaptability. Their psychology, in many ways, seems to be similar to humans.
Entirely new breeds or . Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced. Performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem- solving than with simple avoidance tasks. Thorndike.. However, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero- order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries.. All female rats in the study displayed this behaviour, while 3.
Taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets. In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the Mishmi culture of India, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. When feasting, the Polynesian people of Rapa Nui could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders' belief in his .
The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste. African slaves in the American South were known to hunt wood rats (among other animals) to supplement their food rations. Along with eel and local beans known as garrafons, rata de marjal (marsh rat) is one of the main ingredients in traditional paella (later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood). In late 2. 00. 8, Reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in Cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it. Elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it.
Islam and Kashrut traditions prohibit it, while both the Shipibo people of Peru and Sirion. Adult rat snakes and ball pythons, for example, are fed a diet of mostly rats in captivity.
Rats are readily available (live or frozen) to individual snake owners, as well as to pet shops and reptile zoos, from many suppliers. In Britain, the government prohibited the feeding of any live mammal to another animal in 2. The rule was put into place mainly because of the pressure of the RSPCA and people who said the feeding of live animals was cruel. Working rats. Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue, demining, acting and animal- assisted therapy.
For odor detection Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian non- governmental organization. APOPO, which trains rats (specifically African giant pouched rats) to detect landmines and diagnose tuberculosis through smell.
Once considered a modern myth, the rat flood in India has now been verified. Indeed, every fifty years, armies of bamboo rats descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Most urban areas battle rat infestations. Rats in New York City are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in Manhattan equals that of its human population (a myth definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book . This was followed by Boston, New York City, and then Washington DC as the cities with the largest rat and mice problems. Rattus rattus, the black rat, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species.
The similar but more aggressive species Rattus norvegicus, the brown rat or wharf rat, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries. The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands.
True rats are omnivorous and capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods. True rats have a very high birth rate.
When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply.